中國瓷器製作過程
Chinese Porcelain Manufacturing Process
中國瓷器製作過程
Chinese Porcelain Manufacturing Process
步驟一.
原料選擇與煉泥
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原料：高嶺土（Kaolin）＋瓷石（Petuntse）＋少量石灰、石英
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步驟：採礦→水洗沉澱→去雜質→揉煉成細泥
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難點：要讓泥既可塑又能耐高溫，雜質過多會裂、含鐵過高會變色
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重點：瓷器的質感、光澤、顏色，全取決於泥的純度
Step 1
Raw Material Selection & Clay Preparation
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Materials: Kaolin + Petuntse (China stone) + small amounts of lime and quartz
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Process: Mining → Washing and settling → Removing impurities → Kneading into fine clay
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Challenge: Clay must be both plastic and heat-resistant; too many impurities cause cracking, too much iron causes discoloration
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Key point: The texture, gloss, and color of porcelain depend entirely on the clay’s purity
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步驟二.
成型與修坯
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方法：手工拉坯／模制／注漿成型
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修坯：修邊、削圈足、壓紋
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難點：厚薄不均會燒裂，尤其大器要平衡內外收縮率
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重點：成型決定器形形態與實用性。青瓷的「圓潤」源自修坯功夫
Step 2
Shaping & Trimming
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Methods: Hand-throwing, molding, or slip casting
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Trimming: Smoothing edges, trimming foot rings, pressing patterns
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Challenge: Uneven thickness leads to cracking during firing; large pieces need balanced shrinkage inside and out
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Key point: Shaping determines form and function. The "smoothness" of celadon comes from skilled trimming
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步驟三.
施釉
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釉料組成：石灰、長石、鐵、二氧化矽
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施釉方式：浸釉、澆釉或噴釉
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難點：釉厚薄不同→顏色變化大；釉太厚會流、太薄會乾
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重點：青瓷的「青」並非胎色，而是釉層中微量鐵在高溫下顯色
Step 3
Glazing
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Glaze composition: Lime, feldspar, iron, silica
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Application methods: Dipping, pouring, or spraying
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Challenge: Glaze thickness changes color greatly; too thick, it runs; too thin, it dries rough
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Key point: The "green" of celadon is not the body color, but the result of trace iron in the glaze at high temperature
步驟四.
入窯與燒成
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窯型：龍窯、階窯或饅頭窯
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溫度：約1250–1300°C
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氣氛控制：
氧化燒（氧多）→釉呈黃、褐色
還原燒（氧少）→釉呈青、綠色
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重點：這一步最難。沒有溫控儀器，全靠窯工經驗「聽火聲、看火光」判斷
Step 4
Firing in the Kiln
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Kiln types: Dragon kiln, stepped kiln, or mantou (dome) kiln
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Temperature: About 1250–1300°C (2280–2370°F)
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Atmosphere control:
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Oxidizing firing (more oxygen): Glaze appears yellow or brown
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Reducing firing (less oxygen): Glaze appears green or bluish-green
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Key point: This step is the hardest. Without modern instruments, kilnmasters judge by sound and sight alone
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步驟五.
出窯與挑選
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每次燒幾千件，真正完美者少於10–20%
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釉色均勻、無氣泡、無裂紋的被挑出作精品；其餘報廢或降級
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重點：中國古窯場「十件九棄」，精品靠天氣與運氣
Step 5
Unloading & Selection
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Each firing may produce thousands of pieces, but less than 10–20% are flawless
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Only those with even glaze, no bubbles, and no cracks are selected as high-quality pieces; the rest are discarded or downgraded
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Key point: In ancient Chinese kilns, "nine out of ten pieces are discarded"; perfection depends on skill, weather, and luck